Physicists found the ghost that pursues the most famous particle accelerator in the world

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Here’s what you will learn when you read this story:

• Cern’s Super Proton Synchrotron will turn 50 in 2026 – and has a resonance ghost.

• Using mathematics, physicists measure and model how these resonance lines intersect.

• Modeling 3D form over time requires a 4D system of equations.

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In a study published in the magazine Natural physicsCern scientists in Switzerland and Goethe Frankfurt University in Germany have announced that they have isolated a resonance ghost that affects how particles are kept inside Super Proton (SPS).

This is a 3D form that shifts over time, which means it is best measured in 4D. And the secret is the same reason to spill your coffee by returning to your desk, or super stop your friends from the trampoline.

SPS is a ring that is nearly four miles dating back to the 70s. That sounds like an ancient story, but SPS remains vital in Cern. In 2019, she received a modernized “beam landfill”, which is like a running ramp for trucks for high -power beams inside SPS. So when the researchers noticed the ghost in the machine, so to speak, they knew it was important to map and understand about future work.

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The ghost is caused by resonance. When things have energy and make waves, these waves can interact with each other and create strange small loci where energy intensifies. When you walk with coffee, every step creates waves in the liquid that eventually meets and spilled. On a trampoline one person jumps into a “jump of another person and is resolved in a much higher jump. In SPS, the spill of your harmonious coffee means the loss of basic photons in what is known as the degradation of the beam.

“In the physics of the accelerator, understanding of resonance and non -linear dynamics is crucial to avoiding the loss of beam particles,” the scientists in the document explain. And how complicated it grows, as the problem in question acquires more moving parts and more “degrees of freedom”. Each moving part, including connectors, generates its own vibrations.

The degradation of the beam is a huge problem, especially since the proton rays in question are growing more and more energy and healthy. And harmonics in complex systems affect any experiment in which particles interact inside the vessel – as nuclear tests of synthesis in tokamaki. Therefore, harmonious disorders are also a huge problem in trying to achieve productive nuclear synthesis, creating dead spots in which the flow of energy can lose vital heat.

Inside SP, the particles have only two degrees of freedom, which does not sound so complicated. Like photons inside an optical line, these SLS photons travel in a common way. But they can also “bounce” within this path, as even a narrow beam or cable still have a thickness. SPS is not a thick donut, but it is still a donut of real life, not a circle in an illustration of a geometric book.

And that the “bounce” is distorted by the factors of human and reality. SPS may be one of the premiere facilities in the world, but everything in science must be done with what we have. The magnets that feed these facilities are imperfect and even small fluctuations in magnetism can cause resonance. To quantify this, the researchers made measurements from the SPS ring and used data to build a mathematical model called the POINCARé section.

In a POINCARé sectionYou stabilize one element (in this case the “fixed line” that researchers mention in their document) and pass through a system, mapping all the intersections of the other elements until you form an entire “surface”. The results are like an MRI, but for a dynamic system whose shape can change with any step – in this case, with the addition of time as a fourth dimension. And since resonance in a closed system such as SPS is repeated, 4D surface examination can be rotated as a well made GIF.

In its mathematics, the team found that the fixed lines could predict where particles would gather. By taking the time to study and model the phenomenon, they hope to help researchers who develop strategies to mute the effect of these fixed harmonic lines.

Work can also help those who construct new particle accelerators to avoid the creation of magnetic ghosts in the first place, which can save a lot of money by maintaining the beams and data more disadvantaged and the provision of higher quality results with less work.

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